i use tl084 as i remember and yes 103 is the chip code for 10K resistor.
the last stage is a comparator to create interruption trig on the microcontroller.
the photodiode is just a standard wide area use in barcode laser scanner.
this system detect the variations of light and the laser need to be modulated to be detected by this sensor.
this is why the ambiant light is rejected (but not fluorescent light due to her frequency and fast response)
about your problem can you explain more your scope connexion? you can add a 10K ohms resistor between the ground and the output of the dac to make a fake load.
peraps your 5v rail is noisy and add noise by the invert add wiring of the last stage.