That sounds very wise. The way I would do it, then, is to buy an old Polaroid camera and take it apart- you can get just the film rollers and ejector motor. The rollers are quite specialized (they have to turn at a specific speed, and they are an exact distance apart) so I would just buy an old ProCam or something like that and hack it apart to get the mechanics.
It would be totally awesome if you could turn it into a completely automatic X-ray Polaroid
As for larger formats, well, the Polaroid I shoot is not the 600 format consumer film but the much larger Image/Spectra film, which is about four inches square. If you want to go bigger than that, you will need to do the developing yourself. You can still buy photographic paper by the sheet in sizes that are much larger than film- this is what people use to do prints on- up to 8x10 easily, and more as a special order. Any decent pro photo store will hook you up. Then you want to make a film holder- you might use opaque black plastic for this, obviously metal is not win in this situation- and arrange so that you can take the film out in the darkroom with no light at all. If you use some of the older non-pan B&W paper- you can still find it out there- then you can use a red or green safelight in your darkroom.
The problem with using photo paper rather than film is that it is much, much less sensitive than film, and this carries through to its X-ray response- you might have to experiment a little.
Any decent pro-photo store will fill you in on the details, my recommendation is to find a local one and go chat with the guys there. A lot of them are chemical process fans and will go out of their way to help you doing anything a little unusual! I don't know where in the world you are, but one which helped me a lot when I was in London was the Downtown Darkroom, those guys are great!